Nazi Parade

photo taken by Hugo Jager

Lxx years ago the greatest massacre in history began - with the financing from the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve System of the United States.

A contempo resolution past the parliamentary associates of the OSCE declared that the Soviet Matrimony and Nazi Federal republic of germany held equal roles in unleashing WWII. Furthermore, the resolution has the purely businesslike goal of pumping Russian money into a few broke economies while seeking to demonize Russia as the successor to the Soviet Union and prepare the legal groundwork for depriving Moscow from opposing this revisionist view the war. But if we are to contend the culpability for the war'south outbreak, so we need to brainstorm by answering this key question: who accommodated the Nazis' rising to power, who directed them towards global catastrophe? Germany's entire prewar history shows that the "necessary" policies were all provided for past guided financial turmoil - the same situation, by the way, that the world finds itself in today.

The key structures of the West's post-state of war strategy were the central financial institutions of the United States and Great Britain - the Depository financial institution of England and the Federal Reserve System - coupled with financial-industrial organizations, who gear up out to establish absolute control over the financial system in Germany to manage the politics of Cardinal Europe. The implementation of this strategy included the post-obit steps:

1st: 1919-1924 - Preparing the grounds for massive American fiscal investments in the German economy.
2nd: 1924-1929 - Establishing control over the financial organization and funding the National-Socialist movement.
tertiary: 1929-1933 - Inciting and unleashing a deep economical crisis ensuring the Nazis would ascent to power.
4th: 1933-1939 - Financial cooperation with the Nazi authorities and support for its expansionist foreign policy, aimed at preparing and unleashing the new world war.

In the first phase, the major leverage for the penetration of American capital into Europe came from war debts and the closely related issue of German reparations. After the The states' formal entry into WWI, the U.S. provided its allies (primarily England and France) with loans amounting to $8.8 billon. The total sum of war debt owed to the U.Due south., including loans offered between 1919 and 1921, amounted to $11 billion. To solve their ain fiscal problems the debtor countries went afterward Deutschland, forcing information technology to pay an enormous sum in reparations under extremely difficult conditions. The resulting flight of German language capital abroad and refusal by companies to pay their taxes resulted in such a state deficit that all the authorities could do is mass produce German marks without backing. The High german currency collapsed as a result. During the hyperinflation of 1923, the inflation rate reached 578,512% and ane dollar was worth four.2 trillion Deutsch marks. German industrialists began to openly sabotage all attempt to pay the reparations, which eventually sparked the famous "Ruhr crunch" — a Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr valley in 1923.

This is exactly what the ruling elite in Uk and American had been waiting for. Having allowed French republic to get bogged downwardly in the Ruhrland adventures and showing its inability to solve the trouble, they took the situation into their own easily. U.S. Secretarial assistant of State Charles Evans Hughes said, "We must wait until Europe is ripe to accept the American proposal."

A new project was developed in the bowels of J.P. Morgan and Co. at the behest Montague Norman, head of the Banking company of England. At the center of the project were Dresdner Bank representative Hjalmar Schacht's proposals, which had been formulated in March 1922 at the asking of John Foster Dulles, future Secretary of State under Eisenhower, and legal advisor to President Woodrow Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference.

Dulles passed the proposals to the chief trustee of J.P. Morgan and Co., who so gave recommendations to Schacht, Norman and - at concluding - to Weimar officials. In Dec 1923, Schacht became the director of Reichbank and played an instrumental role in bringing together the Anglo-American and German fiscal circles.

In the summer of 1924, the project, known as the "Dawes Plan" (named subsequently an Charles G. Dawes, the American director of one of Morgan's banks, who chaired the committee of experts who preparing the proposals) was adopted at the London Conference. He called for halving the reparations to be paid, and also settled how Germany would pay them off. However, the primary goal was to provide favorable conditions for U.S. investment, which could but be made possible past stabilizing the German marker.

To that cease, Germany was granted $200 million in loans, half of which were provided past Morgan'south banks. In doing and then, Anglo-American banks established control over non only Germany's payments, but likewise its budget, budgetary system and, to a big extent, its credit arrangement. By August 1924, the old German mark had been made anew, the fiscal situation in Deutschland stabilized, and, as researcher K.D. Preparta wrote, the Weimar Democracy was prepared for "the well-nigh hitting economic aid in history, followed by the most bitter harvest in world history. [...] [T]he uncontrollable gushing of American blood flooded into Germany'southward fiscal core."

The consequences of this speedily made themselves noticed.

Firstly, due to the fact that the annual reparations payments were to embrace the allies' full debts, the and so-called "absurd Weimar cycle" developed. The gold that Deutschland was using to pay war reparations was heaped up and sold to the U.S., where it disappeared. From the U.South., according to the plan, gold was going to Germany in the form of "aid", which was and then paid back to England and France, who then sent it back to the The states to pay off their state of war debts. The U.S. then placed a heavy interest charge per unit on it and sent it back to Frg. In the finish, Germany lived off of debt, and it was clear that should Wall Street withdraw its loans, so the country would suffer a complete meltdown.

Secondly, although the loans were officially given to Germany to ensure the payment of reparations, in reality, they were designed to restore the country'southward military-industrial potential. In fact, the Germans paid off the loans with shares of German companies, allowing American upper-case letter to actively integrate itself into the High german economy. The full amount of foreign investment in German language manufacture from 1924-1929 amounted to most 63 billion aureate marks (the loans accounted for 30 billion of this), and 10 billion in reparations was paid off. American bankers - primarily J.P. Morgan, provided Seventy per centum of Frg's fiscal income. Every bit a result, as early as 1929, Germany's industry was second in the world, but to a large extent it was in the hands of America's leading financial-industrial groups.

Thus, I.K. Farben, the company that became the German language state of war machine's key component, was under the command of Rockefeller's Standard Oil at the time it funded 45 percent of Hitler's ballot campaign in 1930. Through General Electric, J.P. Morgan controlled the German radio and electrical industry in the form of AEG and Siemens (past 1933, General Electric owned a xxx percentage stake in AEG). Through telecom company ITT, he controlled 40 pct of Germany's telephone network and 30 percent of aircraft manufacturer Focke-Wulf. Opel was taken over by the Dupont family unit's Full general Motors. Henry Ford held a 100 percent pale in Volkswagen. In 1926, with the participation of Rockefeller banking company, Dillon Reed and Co., the second largest industrial monopoly emerged - metallurgical firm Vereinigte Stahlwerke (Unified Steel Trusts) of Thyssen, Flick, Wolf, Fegler, etc.

American cooperation with Germany's military-industrial complex became so intense and pervasive that, by 1933, American capital had reached fundamental sectors of German industry and even major banks like Deutsche Banking company, Dresdner Depository financial institution, Donat Banking company, etc.

Simultaneously, a political force was being financed that would be called upon to play a crucial role in the Anglo-American plans - the Nazi party and Adolf Hitler himself.

German Chancellor Brüning wrote in his memoirs that kickoff in 1923, Hitler received large sums of money from abroad - from where exactly is unknown, simply information technology passed through Swiss and Swedish banks. Information technology is as well known that in 1922, Hitler met with U.S. Military Attaché Capt. Truman Smith in Munich - a meeting Smith recounted in a detailed written report to his Washington superiors (in the Office of Military Intelligence), proverb he thought highly of Hitler.

It was through Smith's circle of acquaintances that Hitler came into contact with "Putzi" (Ernst Franz Sedgwick Hanfstaengl), a Harvard University graduate who played an of import function shaping Hitler into a successful politico, giving him substantial financial support and connections among senior British figures.

Hitler was preparing himself for large-fourth dimension politics, but, every bit long as prosperity reigned in Germany, his party remained on the periphery of public life. This situation changed dramatically with the onset of the crisis.

Later on the U.Southward. Federal Reserve engineered the collapse of the stock marketplace in the autumn of 1929, the third stage of the Anglo-American strategy began.

The Fed and J.P. Morgan decided to end lending to Germany, spurring a banking crisis and economical low in Fundamental Europe. In September 1931, England abandoned the gold standard, deliberately destroying the international payment system and completely cutting off the financial oxygen of the Weimar Republic.

But, the Nazi Party experienced a miraculous boom: in September 1930, thanks to big donations from Thyssen, I.Thou. Farben, and Kirdorf, the party collected 6.4 million votes - putting it in 2nd place in the Reichstag. Shortly thereafter appeared a generous infusion of funds from abroad. Hjalmar Schacht became the cardinal link between the major German language industrialists and the foreign financiers.

On January 4, 1932, at a meeting between Adolf Hitler, High german Chancellor Franz von Papen and Montague Norman, a secret agreement was reached securing funding for the Nazi Political party. The American politico, Dulles, was also present at this coming together - something his biographers don't like to mention. On January 14, 1933, Hitler held a meeting with Kurt von Schroeder, a Nazi-sympathizing broker, von Papen and Kepler, where the Hitler's plan was fully approved. Information technology was here that the terminal path for the Nazis' rise to power was laid, and on January 30, Hitler became chancellor.

Then began the fourth stage of the strategy.

The relationship between the new government and the Anglo-American ruling circles became extremely benevolent. When Hitler refused continued payment of reparations, which naturally raised questions virtually the payment of war debts, neither Britain nor France forced him to pay upwards. Moreover, after Reichsbank caput Hjalmar Schacht traveled to the U.Southward. in May 1933 to encounter with the president and major Wall Street bankers, America provided Germany with new loans totaling $1 billion. And in June, during a visit to Norman in London, Schacht requested an addition $2 billion in loans as well equally a reduction and eventual cessation of payment on old loans. Thus, the Nazis got something that the previous government could not.

In the summer of 1934, Great britain signed the Anglo-German Transfer Agreement, which became one of the foundations of British policy towards the 3rd Reich, and by the end of the 1930'due south, Federal republic of germany developed into Britain's main trading partner. Schroeder'due south bank turned into Germany's and Uk's main agent, and in 1936, its New York branch merged with a Rockefeller belongings to create the investment bank "Schroeder, Rockefeller and Co.", which the New York Times described every bit "economic-propagandist axis of Berlin-Rome". As he admitted himself, Hitler viewed foreign credit every bit the financial basis of his four-year plan, so this didn't raise the slightest alarm.

In August 1934, American oil giant Standard Oil purchased 730,000 acres of state in Germany and built large oil refineries that supplied the Nazis with oil. At the aforementioned time, the United States secretly provided Germany with the well-nigh modern equipment for plane factories, which would shortly produce High german aircraft. Germany received a large number of patents from American firms Pratt and Whitney, Douglas, and the Bendix Corporation, and the "Junker-87" dive-bomber was built using purely American technology. By 1941, when the 2d globe state of war was in total-swing, American investment in the German language economy totaled $475 million, Standard Oil invested $120 1000000 alone, General Motors — $35 million, ITT — $30 meg, and Ford — $17.five million.

The intimate financial and economical bunco between Anglo-American and Nazi businessman was the backdrop against which the policy of appeasement to the aggressor took place - leading straight to Earth War 2.

Today, while the global financial elite has embarked on a plan of "Great Low part Two" with the subsequent transition to a "new world order", it is imperative to place its central role in organizing crimes against humanity in the past.


ORIENTAL REVIEW has completed sectional translations of the chapters from Nikolay Starikov'southward documentary research ""Who Made Hitler Attack Stalin" (St.Petersburg, 2008). Mr. Starikov is Russian historian and civil activist. The original text was adjusted and translated by ORIENTAL REVIEW.